{"id":29704,"date":"2025-05-23T16:58:46","date_gmt":"2025-05-23T13:58:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/igp.org.ua\/?p=29704"},"modified":"2025-06-10T11:54:44","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T08:54:44","slug":"ekologichni-zlochini-i-%d1%97x-yuridichna-kvalifikaciya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/igp.org.ua\/en\/publikacii\/ekologichni-zlochini-i-%d1%97x-yuridichna-kvalifikaciya\/","title":{"rendered":"Environmental Crimes and Their Legal Qualification"},"content":{"rendered":"

Based on the materials of the speech at the roundtable of the Institute for Global Politics
\n\u201cEnvironmental Security and the Consequences of War: Challenges, Threats and Ways to Overcome Them\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Environmental Crimes and Their Legal Qualification<\/h1>\n

The investigation of war crimes committed by the Russian Federation in Ukraine as a result of the full-scale invasion of our territory requires certain clarifications and developments. We have even had to address the Office of the President of Ukraine and the Prosecutor General of Ukraine on this issue, but there has been no progress since 2023. Among other things, we mean the significant environmental damage caused by the Russian Federation\u2019s armed aggression against Ukraine. In particular, we are talking about ecocide. The topic deserves to be put on the agenda at both the national and international levels.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Regarding the concept of ecocide. It is known that this is one of the war crimes. This term, ecocide, emerged after the Vietnam War, during which the United States used chemicals to destroy Vietnam\u2019s natural resources. Accordingly, ecocide means destruction of large areas of the natural environment as a consequence of human activity. The article of the law defines it as damage \u201ccaused to the environment, which has irreparable consequences for ecosystems and may adversely affect the health of humans, animals, birds,\u201d etc.<\/em><\/p>\n

As for Ukraine, ecocide, as of 2022, is a particularly serious crime under our Criminal Code of Ukraine. Article 441 defines ecocide as a criminal offense that consists of \u201c…mass destruction of flora and fauna, poisoning of water and atmosphere, as well as other actions that may cause an environmental disaster.\u201d That is, they did not cause it, but may even cause it! And this is also already considered a crime.<\/p>\n

Analyzing the elements of ecocide in detail, we should point out some important points, which, unfortunately, our experts are in no hurry to realize and are not trying to properly influence the situation. Attention should be paid to some aspects.<\/p>\n

First of all, the object is an unproven element of this crime. In our case, it is the natural environment. This means flora, fauna, water, atmosphere, etc. The second important element is the objective side of this crime, which consists in the mass destruction of living beings, poisoning of water, atmosphere and other harmful actions that can also lead to an environmental disaster. The third element is the subjective side. In order to bring the perpetrators to justice, it is necessary to prove the intent of those who commit such crimes. Because according to the law, when you read this code, you can understand that there can be both direct intent and indirect intent.<\/p>\n

To date, our legislation has not specified this. In reality, it is often difficult to prove the elements of such a criminal offense because of the existence of such concepts as, for example, what is mass destruction? What is an environmental disaster? To date, this content has not been disclosed in the law. That is why, when collecting evidence, investigators, prosecutors, even today\u2019s prosecutors, and I emphasize that they are not military investigators (we do not have them, unfortunately), do not always have a clear idea of the consequences caused by this crime. The loss of biodiversity and water pollution can be quite difficult to quantify, so very thorough expert studies should be carried out.<\/p>\n

Today, there is no clear methodology for assessing the damage caused by ecocide. In some cases, it is necessary to engage international experts to assess the environmental consequences, which requires, among other things, certain funds. To date, there is no clear provision regulating ecocide as a separate crime. This issue has been raised repeatedly at international meetings. In 2023, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in its resolution supported the proposal to supplement the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court with a fifth type, the crime of ecocide, which would allow for a more effective fight against crimes committed during armed conflicts.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Today, we see that one of the most obvious examples of ecocide is Russia\u2019s armed aggression against Ukraine, which has already caused environmental damage. This includes the blowing up of the Kakhovka hydroelectric power plant, attacks on oil depots, attacks on nuclear facilities, mass deaths of birds and animals. Indeed, these are obvious examples of ecocide. From the point of view of international law, these actions are also a violation of the laws and customs of war. They are rightfully qualified as ecocide, which should be the basis for bringing the perpetrators to justice, including at the international level.<\/p>\n

As for another such situation related to criminalization of ecocide. Given the full extent of the environmental damage caused, an effective compensation mechanism had to be created in Ukraine. It is not only about a certain fund to compensate for the losses caused by such crimes. An important element of such a mechanism is the concept of ecosystem services, which allows us to assess losses in terms of the economic value of natural resources.<\/p>\n

Please, be reminded that this international experience of compensation was used in relation to Iraq\u2019s aggression against Kuwait. It can also serve as an example for relevant legal practice and development in Ukraine.<\/p>\n

Referring to ecocide as a criminal offense, I emphasize once again that it requires a clearer legal definition, that is, improvement of the current legislation, both nationally and internationally.<\/p>\n

After three years of war, on the eve of the fourth such year, we have not defined the content of the fight against environmental crimes. This includes documenting them, collecting evidence, performing examinations, etc. It should also be noted that we have not established military justice yet. This is also a huge problem for us, because we don\u2019t have professionals who would specialize in investigating war crimes, especially such a specific type as ecocide.<\/p>\n

Oleksiy BAHANETS<\/strong>,
\nlawyer, human rights activist<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Based on the materials of the speech at the roundtable of the Institute for Global Politics
\nOleksiy BAHANETS<\/p>\n

The investigation of war crimes committed by the Russian Federation in Ukraine as a result of the full-scale invasion of our territory requires certain clarifications and developments<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":29705,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[261,260,264],"tags":[280,288],"class_list":["post-29704","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analitika","category-publikacii","category-treningi-seminary","tag-baganec","tag-kruglij-stil","wp-image-borders"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"en","enabled_languages":["uk","en","ru","fr","ar"],"languages":{"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ar":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"gutentor_comment":0,"yoast_head":"\nEnvironmental Crimes and Their Legal Qualification - 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