{"id":33231,"date":"2026-03-27T00:01:40","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T21:01:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/igp.org.ua\/?p=33231"},"modified":"2026-03-27T13:11:26","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T10:11:26","slug":"magate-zaraz-bilshe-nagaduye-poshtarya-yakij-peredaye-informaciyu-vid-odno%d1%97-voyuyucho%d1%97-storoni-do-insho%d1%97","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/igp.org.ua\/fr\/publikacii\/magate-zaraz-bilshe-nagaduye-poshtarya-yakij-peredaye-informaciyu-vid-odno%d1%97-voyuyucho%d1%97-storoni-do-insho%d1%97\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00abL\u2019AIEA ressemble d\u00e9sormais davantage \u00e0 un facteur, transmettant des informations d\u2019une partie bellig\u00e9rante \u00e0 l\u2019autre\u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00abL\u2019AIEA ressemble d\u00e9sormais davantage \u00e0 un facteur, transmettant des informations d\u2019une partie bellig\u00e9rante \u00e0 l\u2019autre. Et rien de plus.\u00bb<\/span><\/h1>\n

Extraits d’une intervention de Yuriy Sapozhnikov, Pr\u00e9sident du Conseil d’Administration de l’Institut de recherche et de conception \u00ab Energoproekt \u00bb de Kyiv et docteur en sciences d’ing\u00e9nieur, lors de la conf\u00e9rence de presse de l’Institut de Politique Globale intitul\u00e9e \u00ab Probl\u00e9matiques de la s\u00fbret\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire et environnementale en temps de guerre (exemples : la centrale nucl\u00e9aire de Zaporijia, la centrale hydro\u00e9lectrique de Kakhovka et les ol\u00e9oducs et gazoducs internationaux) \u00bb.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Je repr\u00e9sente l’Institut \u00abEnergoproekt\u00bb de Kyiv, qui c\u00e9l\u00e8bre cette ann\u00e9e son 95e anniversaire. Au cours de son existence, l’institut a con\u00e7u environ 80 gigawatts de capacit\u00e9s de production diverses. Il s’agit notamment de toutes nos centrales de cog\u00e9n\u00e9ration : celle de Kyiv, Trypilska, Ladyzhynska, et bien d’autres. Nous participons activement \u00e0 la conception de centrales nucl\u00e9aires depuis les ann\u00e9es 1970. Nous sommes le concepteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, en particulier, de la centrale nucl\u00e9aire de Khmelnytsky\u00ef et, en partie, de celle de Rivne. Nous menons \u00e9galement de nombreux projets pour la centrale nucl\u00e9aire de Tchernobyl.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je travaille personnellement dans cet institut depuis environ 25 ans dont une ann\u00e9e au minist\u00e8re de l’\u00c9nergie. Je suis donc confront\u00e9 quotidiennement aux sujets que nous abordons aujourd’hui. Durant les dix premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es de ces vingt-cinq ann\u00e9es, j’ai travaill\u00e9 sur l’analyse de la s\u00fbret\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire.<\/span><\/p>\n

L’analyse de la s\u00fbret\u00e9 est une discipline d’ing\u00e9nierie qui d\u00e9termine pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment les risques de dommages dans une centrale nucl\u00e9aire. Par exemple, les facteurs pouvant entra\u00eener la fusion du c\u0153ur ou des accidents tels que ceux survenus en 1979 \u00e0 Three Mile Island aux \u00c9tats-Unis, en 1986 qu bloc n\u00b04 \u00e0 la centrale de Tchernobyl et en 2011 \u00e0 la centrale nucl\u00e9aire de Fukushima Daiichi au Japon. \u00c0 noter que ce ne sont pas un, mais cinq c\u0153urs qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 endommag\u00e9s, y compris l’installation de stockage du combustible nucl\u00e9aire us\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Les cons\u00e9quences de tels accidents mondiaux sont catastrophiques. Compte tenu de la dynamique de ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements, ils ont tendance \u00e0 avoir un impact tr\u00e8s n\u00e9gatif sur le d\u00e9veloppement de l’\u00e9nergie nucl\u00e9aire dans son ensemble. En effet, la catastrophe de Tchernobyl a consid\u00e9rablement retard\u00e9 le d\u00e9veloppement de l’\u00e9nergie nucl\u00e9aire en Ukraine. Prenons l’exemple de la centrale nucl\u00e9aire de Zaporijia. La centrale nucl\u00e9aire de Zaporijia, dont le r\u00e9acteur n\u00b0 5 a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en service en 1989, et le r\u00e9acteur n\u00b0 6, initialement pr\u00e9vu pour 1990, n’a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en service qu’en 1996 gr\u00e2ce aux efforts du personnel et de la direction. Autrement dit, un tel accident ralentit le d\u00e9veloppement d’une industrie majeure pendant au moins dix ans. Il est donc crucial d’emp\u00eacher que de tels accidents ne se reproduisent et de tout mettre en \u0153uvre pour les \u00e9viter.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ce qui s’est pass\u00e9 en 2022, au d\u00e9but de la guerre, a \u00e9t\u00e9 une v\u00e9ritable catastrophe pour moi. J’\u00e9tais sous le choc. Du mat\u00e9riel militaire a \u00e9t\u00e9 amen\u00e9 sur le site nucl\u00e9aire et a tir\u00e9 \u00e0 bout portant sur les r\u00e9acteurs ! Imaginez, personne n’aurait jamais pu concevoir de telles actions contre les r\u00e9acteurs d’une centrale nucl\u00e9aire ! Quant aux d\u00e9g\u00e2ts maximaux pr\u00e9vus par la conception (les r\u00e9acteurs VVER-1000, soit les six r\u00e9acteurs de la centrale de Zaporijia), ils \u00e9taient comparables \u00e0 un crash accidentel d’avion l\u00e9ger. Aucune autre influence ext\u00e9rieure n’\u00e9tait envisag\u00e9e\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

Quelles auraient pu \u00eatre les cons\u00e9quences si du mat\u00e9riel militaire arrive\u2026  Est-ce que cela aurait pu se produire et commencer \u00e0 fonctionner ? \u2026 sur les trois sites que j\u2019ai mentionn\u00e9s. La r\u00e9ponse est claire : tout le territoire ukrainien et, je pense, tout le bassin de la mer Noire auraient pu \u00eatre touch\u00e9s ! Franchement, dans de telles circonstances, je ne suis pas particuli\u00e8rement inquiet pour le territoire du pays agresseur, mais les cons\u00e9quences y auraient \u00e9t\u00e9 catastrophiques \u00e9galement. Aussi, la premi\u00e8re chose que j\u2019ai faite, face \u00e0 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de prendre des pr\u00e9cautions imm\u00e9diates, a \u00e9t\u00e9 de contacter des coll\u00e8gues qui poss\u00e9daient les mod\u00e8les pertinents de ces r\u00e9acteurs et de leur demander de calculer la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019une rupture du c\u0153ur. Bien entendu, cela supposait que nous savions ce qui se passait au niveau des r\u00e9acteurs.<\/span><\/p>\n

En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019une rupture du c\u0153ur est une caract\u00e9ristique qui se calcule une fois par million d\u2019ann\u00e9es. Autrement dit, elle existe, mais elle est extr\u00eamement rare. Concernant la situation survenue \u00e0 la centrale de Zaporijia, apr\u00e8s les calculs, j\u2019ai appris (et cela ne m\u2019a pas surpris) que la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019une telle catastrophe avait atteint pr\u00e8s de 1 %. En d\u2019autres termes, c\u2019est exactement ce qui pourrait se produire maintenant. Je suis convaincu que nous devons \u00eatre reconnaissants au personnel de la centrale pour\u2026 Le fait que cela ne se soit pas produit n’est pas un probl\u00e8me. Mais, bien s\u00fbr, le pays agresseur doit assumer la responsabilit\u00e9 d’avoir expos\u00e9 la station \u00e0 un tel risque.<\/span><\/p>\n

Et nous \u00e9voquons \u00e0 nouveau l’AIEA. Cet organisme est charg\u00e9 de surveiller la situation et de garantir le respect des normes et r\u00e9glementations en mati\u00e8re de s\u00fbret\u00e9 radiologique nucl\u00e9aire. En Ukraine, cette responsabilit\u00e9 incombe \u00e0 l’Inspection nationale de la r\u00e9glementation nucl\u00e9aire. Celle-ci a perdu cette capacit\u00e9 de surveillance, compte tenu de facteurs objectifs. Bien entendu, la d\u00e9marche la plus logique serait de se tourner vers l’AIEA en tant qu’interm\u00e9diaire international. Je peux affirmer que les Russes exercent une influence consid\u00e9rable sur l’AIEA. Malheureusement, je peux confirmer que l’influence de la Russie et celle de l’Ukraine sont incomparables. Dans ce contexte, l’AIEA joue d\u00e9sormais le r\u00f4le d’un simple messager, transmettant des informations d’une partie bellig\u00e9rante \u00e0 l’autre.<\/span><\/p>\n

Question : aurait-on pu confier d’autres fonctions \u00e0 l’AIEA ? Je le pense. Je crois \u00e9galement qu’apr\u00e8s la trag\u00e9die de 2022, nous aurions pu nous exprimer et exiger l’attribution de fonctions plus \u00e9tendues. Mais de telles fonctions \u00e9largies ne sont pertinentes que pour les acteurs pleinement impliqu\u00e9s dans le processus. Malheureusement, apr\u00e8s ce qui s’est pass\u00e9, par exemple, \u00e0 la centrale m\u00eame, apr\u00e8s ce qui s’est pass\u00e9 au barrage de Kakhovka, nous ne pouvons pas nous consid\u00e9rer comme ayant affaire \u00e0 un adversaire de taille. Par cons\u00e9quent, je crois que notre seul imp\u00e9ratif est de garantir que la centrale nucl\u00e9aire de Zaporijia reste propri\u00e9t\u00e9 ukrainienne. Tout est en place, tant sur le plan mat\u00e9riel et pratique que juridique, pour emp\u00eacher que cette centrale ne fonctionne au profit d’un pays agresseur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bien s\u00fbr, elle ne peut fonctionner sans le barrage de Kakhovka, mais \u00e0 mon avis, tout cessez-le-feu entra\u00eenerait la poursuite de ces d\u00e9veloppements n\u00e9gatifs, et il nous serait tr\u00e8s difficile de les emp\u00eacher.<\/span><\/p>\n

Concernant une autre centrale, celle de Tchernobyl, o\u00f9 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements notoires se sont \u00e9galement produits, M. Tarakanov les abordera plus en d\u00e9tail. L\u00e0-bas, des menaces ont \u00e9merg\u00e9 qui auraient pu conduire \u00e0 la destruction du site de stockage du combustible nucl\u00e9aire us\u00e9. Il ne s’agirait peut-\u00eatre pas d’un accident aussi global que celui de l’unit\u00e9 4. Mais ses cons\u00e9quences, comme je l’ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 mentionn\u00e9, auraient inclus un rejet sur une vaste zone. Ce serait catastrophique pour le pays et pour la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans son ensemble.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yuri Sapozhnikov<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yuri Sapozhnikov<\/p>\n

Extraits d’une intervention de Yuriy Sapozhnikov, Pr\u00e9sident du Conseil d’Administration de l’Institut de recherche et de conception \u00ab\u00a0Energoproekt\u00a0\u00bb de Kyiv et docteur en sciences d’ing\u00e9nieur, lors de la conf\u00e9rence de presse de l’Institut de Politique Globale<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":33232,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[260,264],"tags":[314],"class_list":["post-33231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publikacii","category-treningi-seminary","tag-sapozhnikov","wp-image-borders"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["uk","en","ru","fr","ar"],"languages":{"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"ru":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"ar":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"gutentor_comment":0,"yoast_head":"\n\u00abL\u2019AIEA ressemble d\u00e9sormais davantage \u00e0 un facteur, transmettant des informations 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